Other factors: Other factors that may contribute to male infertility include: A history of genital infections, mumps, or high fevers,

• Injury to the testicles.
• Early or late puberty.
• Exposure to toxins, such as pesticides, dioxin, PCBs, or heavy metals.
• Lifestyle factors, such as stress and nutrition.

Reproductive Urologists can help with a range of conditions that can affect the male reproductive system, including:

• Erectile Dysfunction: Also known as impotence, this is a common problem. It is the inability to get or maintain an erection that’s firm enough for sexual activity.
• Testicular Cancer: Testicular cancer is a disease that occurs when malignant cells form in the testicles. It’s the most common cancer in young and middle-aged men, and can also occur in older men and rarely in younger boys.
• Prostate Disease:These could include benign prostate enlargement and prostate cancer.
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):These can be bacterial or viral infections that are acquired through sexual contact. Some examples include chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital warts, and herpes.
• Varicocele:This is an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum that occurs when blood pools in the veins.
• Hydrocele:This is a fluid-filled sac that partially surrounds the testis and manifests as a swelling on the side of the scrotum.

Other conditions that can affect the male reproductive system include:

Penile Cancer: The cancer that typically develops on or under the foreskin is known as Penile cancer.  It can be caused by a number of factors, including:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV):  It is A virus that can be transmitted by sexual contact, and is responsible for about one-third of penile cancer cases.

• Age above 60,
• Smoking,
• Poor genital hygiene,
• Being uncircumcised,
• Multiple sexual partners.

Other risk factors include HIV/AIDS, certain skin conditions like psoriasis, Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Premature Ejaculation: It is a sexual dysfunction that occurs when a man ejaculates sooner normal. It’s also known as early ejaculation, rapid ejaculation, or premature climax. It usually happens within the first 2 to 3 minutes of sexual activity. It can be caused by genetic, psychological, or other health problems. It’s very common and occasional PE is normal and not a cause for concern.
Priapism: Priapism is a painful, prolonged erection that occurs without sexual stimulation and lasts more than four hours. It’s a rare condition that can occur due to a number of possible reasons, including:

• Sickle Cell Disease: Where the red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped and can be a factor of priapism.
• Medications: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, cocaine, and alcohol can all cause priapism.
• Trauma: Perineal trauma can also be a cause of priapism.

Priapism can be classified into three types:

• Ischemic: Low-flow priapism that’s often accompanied by pain and the potential for penile damage.
• Non-Ischemic: High-flow priapism.
• Stuttering: Intermittent priapism that’s common in people with sickle cell disease.

Hormone Deficiency: Reproductive hormone disorders, are also called as sex hormone disorders. This happens when hormone levels are either too high or too low. These disorders can affect the production of hormones by the body’s glands and organs, and can lead to a variety of medical issues. Some common reproductive hormone disorders include:

• Difficulty urinating
• Loss of libido or sex drive

Male Infertility Treatments: Reproductive urologists can identify and treat reversible causes of infertility, and assess conditions that can be managed with assisted reproductive technology (ART).
Sperm Retrieval: Sperm retrieval is a surgical procedure that collects sperm from the reproductive tract for men who are unable to ejaculate or have little to no sperm in their semen. It’s often used in combination with in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to achieve pregnancy. There are several types of sperm retrieval procedures, including:

• Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA)
• Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE)
• Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA)
• Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA)
• Micro-TESE

The type of procedure used depends on the cause of azoospermia, which can be obstructive or non-obstructive. Reproductive urologists can schedule surgical sperm retrievals. Some conditions that may prompt a referral to a reproductive urologist include:

• Varicoceles: Swollen veins in the scrotum that can harm sperm growth
• Leukocytospermia: A condition that may be associated with inflammation or infection in the genital tract.

Sterilization: Sterilization is a permanent form of birth control that involves either blocking or severing the reproductive tubes to prevent pregnancy:

• Male Sterilization: Male Sterilisation is also known as a vasectomy, this procedure blocks or severs the tubes in the scrotum that transport sperm from the testicles.
• VEA (Vasoepididymostomy) and Vasectomy Reversal: VEA and Vasectomy reversal is surgeries performed to undo a vasectomy. It is the procedure to reconnect each tube (vas deferens) that carries sperm from a testicle into the semen.
• Female Sterilization: Also known as tubal sterilization, this procedure blocks or severs the fallopian tubes that transport eggs and provide an environment for fertilization.

Penile Implants:  Penile implants are devices placed inside the penis to allow men with erectile dysfunction (ED) to get an erection. Penile implants are typically recommended after other treatments for ED fail. There are two main types of penile implants,

• Semirigid: A semirigid penile implant (SRPP) is a therapeutic option for erectile dysfunction (ED), Peyronie’s disease, and other conditions. It’s a type of penile prosthesis, which is a treatment for ED that’s considered when other options, like oral medications, aren’t effective.
• Inflatable: The Inflatable Penile Prosthetic is implanted internally and consists of two cylinders that inflate with water when the patient pumps a device in the scrotum. The cylinders become rigid and the patient can have an erection. To deflate, the patient presses a button on the pump to return the water to the reservoir.
• UroLift: UroLift is a minimally invasive surgical procedure which helps in relieving lower urinary tract symptoms. UroLift can also provide relief to symptoms of an enlarged prostate, or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), without affecting sexual function. Besides it can also help preserve ejaculation.